Transformation of Belarusian Identity Under Conditions of New European Borderland

Титаренко Л. Г. Трансформация белорусской идентичности в условиях новоевропейского приграничь

ФОНЕТИКО-ОРФОГРАФІЧНА ТА МОРФОЛОГІЧНА ВАРІАНТНІСТЬ ПРИВІЛЕЇВ КИЇВСЬКОМУ МІСЬКОМУ МАГІСТРАТУ

У статті проаналізовано варіантні написання на фонетико-графічному та морфологічному рівнях. Багато варіантних написань відображають у тексті різноманітні фонетичні явища (рефлексацію *ě, асиміляцію, дисиміляцію, спрощення, м’якість / твердість приголосних тощо) і становлення морфологічних норм української мови староукраїнського періоду (відмінювання іменних частин мови, дієслова та ін). Предметом мовознавчого аналізу слугують грамоти Київського магістрату, видані на підтвердження магдебурзького права м. Києву (з 1544 по 1659 рр.) польськими правителями. Збірка, яка нині знаходиться в ЦДІАУ м. Києва (ф. 62, оп. 1, спр. 1), уміщує привілеї, скопійовані для власної потреби К. Кричевцем у першій половині XVIII ст. Укладені привілеї староукраїнською мовою відповідного періоду, але частина з них є перекладом із латинської та польської мов. Залишається невідомим, чи власник колекції копіював з уже перекладених грамот, чи замовляв переклад А. Троцині й М. Якгельницькому, які записані перекладачами під документами. Мовні хитання наявні як у формах тих самих слів, так і в різних словах, непоодиноко різні варіантні написання трапляються поряд, на одній сторінці. Вивчивши різномаїття паралельних форм у досліджуваному джерелі, виокремлюємо причини їх появи: відсутність унормування правописних особливостей, зокрема передавання окремих звуків, незавершеність мовних процесів на той час у мові, збереження традицій та вплив живомовної стихії, взаємовпливи фонетичної і морфологічної систем церковнослов’янської, польської мов з українською. У пам’ятці виявлено взаємодію систем названих мов, яка виражена в хитаннях у різних відображеннях на письмі: рефлексації сонорних у середині слова, зміни сонорних на початку слова, рефлексів *dj, *tj, *gt / *kt, *je на початку слова, варіантність закінчень у відмінюванні іменників, прикметників, дієслів тощо

Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug-sensitive).

Currently the World Health Organization only recommend fluoroquinolones for people with presumed drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB) who cannot take standard first-line drugs. However, use of fluoroquinolones could shorten the length of treatment and improve other outcomes in these people. This review summarises the effects of fluoroquinolones in first-line regimens in people with presumed drug-sensitive TB. To assess fluoroquinolones as substitute or additional components in antituberculous drug regimens for drug-sensitive TB. We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 1); MEDLINE; EMBASE; LILACS; Science Citation Index; Databases of Russian Publications; and metaRegister of Controlled Trials up to 6 March 2013. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of antituberculous regimens based on rifampicin and pyrazinamide and containing fluoroquinolones in people with presumed drug-sensitive pulmonary TB. Two authors independently applied inclusion criteria, assessed the risk of bias in the trials, and extracted data. We used the risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous data and the fixed-effect model when it was appropriate to combine data and no heterogeneity was present. We assessed the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. We identified five RCTs (1330 participants) that met the inclusion criteria. None of the included trials examined regimens of less than six months duration. Fluoroquinolones added to standard regimensA single trial (174 participants) added levofloxacin to the standard first-line regimen. Relapse and treatment failure were not reported. For death, sputum conversion, and adverse events we are uncertain if there is an effect (one trial, 174 participants, very low quality evidence for all three outcomes). Fluoroquinolones substituted for ethambutol in standard regimens Three trials (723 participants) substituted ethambutol with moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and ofloxacin into the standard first-line regimen. For relapse, we are uncertain if there is an effect (one trial, 170 participants, very low quality evidence). No trials reported on treatment failure. For death, sputum culture conversion at eight weeks, or serious adverse events we do not know if there was an effect (three trials, 723 participants, very low quality evidence for all three outcomes). Fluoroquinolones substituted for isoniazid in standard regimens A single trial (433 participants) substituted moxifloxacin for isoniazid. Treatment failure and relapse were not reported. For death, sputum culture conversion, or serious adverse events the substitution may have little or no difference (one trial, 433 participants, low quality evidence for all three outcomes). Fluoroquinolines in four month regimensSix trials are currently in progress testing shorter regimens with fluoroquinolones. Ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin have been tested in RCTs of standard first-line regimens based on rifampicin and pyrazinamide for treating drug-sensitive TB. There is insufficient evidence to be clear whether addition or substitution of fluoroquinolones for ethambutol or isoniazid in the first-line regimen reduces death or relapse, or increases culture conversion at eight weeks. Much larger trials with fluoroquinolones in short course regimens of four months are currently in progress

Does Acute Pharmacological Test with Indomethacin Affect Nitrite Ion Blood Level?

© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.A single dose of 75 mg indomethacin (acute pharmacological test with indomethacin) reduced the blood serum nitrite ion level in patients who had been taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for at least 6 months, as well as in “resistant” healthy volunteers; blood serum nitrite ion levels following the acute pharmacological test with indomethacin were consistently lower in men than in women

Antioxidant activity of xymedone in rats with chronic autoimmune inflammation

© Folium Publishing House 2016.Effects of drug xymedone (in comparison to ionol) in a group of 32 white rats with experimental model of chronic autoimmune inflammation of rat paws (induced by Freund's adjuvant) were studied by measuring the volume of paw edema and determining the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in various tissues. Chronic autoimmune inflammation induced by Freund's adjuvant was characterized by the LPO intensification and disturbances of the level of antioxidant enzymes. Intragastric administration of xymedone (2 2-dihydro-4 6-dimethyl-N-(β-oxy-ethyl)-2-pyrimidon) at a dose of 169 mg/kg and reference drug ionol (2 6-ditretbutyl-4-methylphenol) at a dose of 220 mg/kg increased the activity of serum antioxidant enzymes by 19% and 11% respectively decreased the serum level of nitrite ion by 62% and 50% and reduced the levels of LPO products in rat blood and homogenates of liver kidney and spleen by up to 80% (p < 0.05)

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of phosphonates based on the model of chronic autoimmune inflammation of the paws of rats

Currently, there is an ongoing search for new pharmacological agents capable of exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties in the treatment of chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases of connective tissue of the movable joints, accompanied by progressive violation of motility of the joints, edema and severe pain, developing joint destruction, disability and disability, particularly in rheumatoid arthritis. Based on white laboratory rats experiments in the modeling of chronic autoimmune inflammation of the paws, similar to the clinical course of chronic autoimmune inflammation of the joints of the human by administering Freund's adjuvant the anti-inflammatory effect of dimephosphone, mephopran, ksidiphone has been evaluated. It has been shown that dimephosphone has an anti-inflammatory effect on the model of chronic autoimmune inflammation of rat paws caused by the administration of Freund's adjuvant. Dimethyl ether of 2-carbometoksipropilphosphonic acid (mephoprane) model of adjuvant arthritis shows inflammatory effect, only when the secondary arthritis, induced by administration of Freund's adjuvant. Ksidiphon has no anti-inflammatory effect, no effect on the rat paw edema, induced by administration of Freund's adjuvant. The results are a prerequisite for carrying out further experimental and clinical studies on the effect of anti-inflammatory mechanisms of phosphonates

Higher education reform and the landscape diversity of higher education institutions in the Kyrgyz Republic, 1991–2015

Following its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Kyrgyzstan experienced processes of change across all areas of social, political and economic life. Higher education reform has been central to this agenda, and between 1991 and today the Soviet-era system of state-funded and Communist Party controlled higher education institutions (HEIs) in Kyrgyzstan has been transformed into an expansive, diverse, unequal, semi-privatized and marketized higher education (HE) landscape. Mindful of arguments that the marketization of higher education does not necessarily generate institutional diversification, that government regulation does not necessarily lead to homogenization among institutions, and that universities’ own institutional strategies and responses to environmental changes shape processes of structural reform in complex ways, this paper assesses the specific character of these changes to the higher education landscape in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. After briefly describing the structure and financing of higher education in the Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic from 1917–1991, we consider some key factors which have shaped patterns of the differentiation and diversification of HE in the post-Soviet period. These include the historical legacies of Soviet HE infrastructures, new legal and political frameworks for HE governance and finance, changes to regulations for the licensing of institutions and academic credentials, the introduction of new multinational policy agendas for higher education in the Central Asian region, changes in the relationship between higher education and labor, the introduction of a national university admissions examination, and the adoption of certain principles of the European Bologna Process. The picture of HE reform that emerges from this analysis is one in which concurrent processes of diversification and homogenization are not driven wholly by either state regulation or forces of market competition, but mediated by universities’ strategic negotiations of these forces in the context of historical institutional formations in Kyrgyzstan

The Determinants of the 13-Year Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation in a Russian Population Cohort of Middle and Elderly Age

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and a predictor of the complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs), particularly thromboembolic events and the progression of heart failure. We analyzed the determinants of the 13-year risk of incident AF in a Russian population cohort of middle and elderly age. A random population sample (n = 9360, age 45–69 years) was examined at baseline in 2003–2005 and reexamined in 2006–2008 and 2015–2017 in Novosibirsk (the HAPIEE study). Incident AF was being registered during the average follow-up of 13 years. The final analysis included 3871 participants free from baseline AF and cardiovascular disease (CVD) who participated in all three data collections. In a multivariable-adjusted Cox regression model, the 13-year risk of AF was positively associated with the male sex (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26–3.87); age (HR = 1.10 per year; 95% CI 1.07–1.14); body mass index (BMI), (HR = 1.11 per unit; 95% CI 1.07–1.15); systolic blood pressure (SBP), (HR = 1.02 per 1 mmHg; 95% CI 1.01–1.02), and it was negatively associated with total cholesterol (TC), (HR = 0.79 per 1 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.66–0.94). In women, the risk of AF was more strongly associated with hypertension (HT) and was also negatively related to total cholesterol (TC) level (HR = 0.74 per 1 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.56–0.96). No independent association was found with mean alcohol intake per drinking occasion. These results in a Russian cohort have an implication for the prediction of AF and ASCVD complications in the general population

Зависимость для расчета коэффициента трения сцепления

The studied topic is determined by a need to have reliable traction calculations that consider friction forces in between wheels and rails as well as traction weight of a locomotive. To test proposed approaches to the solution of the problem the authors put forward a universal formula to determine adhesion coefficient and a technique to compare calculated values of the coefficient with the values of known empiric dependences for rail bus RA-1.В основе заявленной темы - потребность в достоверных тяговых расчетах, которые предполагают учет сил трения между колёсами и рельсами, сцепной вес локомотива. Для апробации подходов к решению этой задачи предлагаются универсальная формула для определения коэффициента сцепления, сравнение расчетных его значений со значениями известных эмпирических зависимостей для рельсового автобуса РА-1